Hydrology

Hydrology is the scientific study of water, including its distribution, movement, and properties. It encompasses the occurrence, distribution, movement, and properties of water in the atmosphere, on the Earth’s surface, and underground. Hydrologists analyze various aspects of water, such as rainfall, snowmelt, river flow, groundwater, and water quality, to understand the behavior of water in different environments.

Table of Content

 

Introduction to Geography

1. What is Geography
2. Introduction to Physical Geography
3. Realms of the physical environment
4. Introduction to Hydrology
5. Hydrologic Cycle
6. The Global Water Budget
7. Practical Application
8. Historical Development

Atmospheric Water

1. Introduction
2. Cloud Formation
3. Generation of Precipitation
4. Precipitation Types
5. Measuring Precipitation
6. Areal Precipitation
7. Evaporation Types and Measurement
8. Estimating Evaporation: Penman-Montieth

Ground Water

1. Introduction
2. Misconceptions
3. Drilling a hole
4. Bernoulli to the aid
5. Aquifers
6. Effective infiltration velocity and infiltration rate
7. The Soil as a Web Sponge
8. Brothers in Science: Darcy and Ohm
9. refracting the Water
10. Keep it Simple and Confined
11. Continuity and its Consequences
12. Going Dutch
13. Flow nets
14. Groundwater Flow Regines and Systems
15. Fresh and Saline: Ghijben-Herzberg
16. Groundwater Hydraulics

Soil Water

1. Introduction
2. Negative Water Pressures
3. Determining the Total Potential
4. The Soil as a Dry Filter Paper or a Wet Sponge
5. The Soil Moisture Characteristic
6. Drying and Wetting: Hysteresis
7. Unsaturated Water Flow
8. Moving up: capillary rise and evaporation
9. Moving down: infiltration and percolation
10. Preferential Flow

Surface Water

1. Introduction
2. Bernoulli Revisited
3. Measuring Stage, Water Velocity, and Discharge
4. Hydrograph Analysis
5. Conceptual Rainfall-Runoff Models
6. Variable Source Area Hydrology

Hydrometeorology

1. Introduction
2. Constituents of the Atmosphere
3. Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere
4.  Solar Radiation
5. The General Circulation
6. Transitory System
7. Formation of Precipitation
8. Types of Precipitation
9. Forms of Precipitation
10. Climate and Weather Seasons in India
11. Meteorological Observations

Probability and Statistics

1. Introduction
2. Probability and Random Variable
3. Distribution Functions
4. Selection of Distribution Function and Estimation of Parameters
5. Frequency Analysis
6. Correlation
7. Regression Analysis

The Catchment

1. Introduction
2. Stream Patterns
3. Description of Basin

Precipitation

1. Introduction
2. Measurement of Precipitation
3. Non-recording Raingauges
4. Recording Raingauges
5. Radar Measurement of Rainfall
6. Errors in Measurement of Rainfall
7. Location of Raingauge
8. Analysis and Interpretation of Rainfall
9. Rainfall Mass Curve and Rainfall Hyetography
10. Intensity-Duration Analysis
11. Intensity-Frequency-Duration Analysis
12. Average Depth of Precipitation Over an Area
13. Depth-Area-Duration Analysis
14. Estimation of Missing Precipitation Records
15. Double Mass Curves
16. Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP)
17. Raingauge Network
18. Annual Rainfall USA
19. Snowfall

Streamflow Measurement

1. Introduction
2. Measurement of Stage
3. Discharge Measurement by Area—Velocity Method
4. Discharge Measurement by Moving-Boat Method
5. Discharge Measurement by Other Method
6. Stage-Discharge Relations
7. Extension of Rating Curve
8. Selection of a Stream Gauge Site
9. Stream Gauging Network
10. Stage and Discharge Hydrograph
11. Units of Stream Flow

Evaporation and Evapotranspiration

1. Introduction
2. Evaporation Process
3. Factors Affecting Evaporation
4. Estimation of Evaporation
5. Measurement of Evaporation
6. Reducing Evaporation from Water Surfaces
7. Transpiration
8. Evapotranspiration

Infiltration

1. Introduction
2. Factors Affecting Infiltration Capacity
3. Annual and Seasonal Changes in Infiltration Capacity
4. Measurement of Infiltration
5. Infiltrometers
6. Hydrography Analysis
7.  Infiltration Equations
8. Infiltration Indices
9. Initial Abstractions

Ground Water

1. Introduction
2. Occurrence of Groundwater
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Groundwater Movement
5. Steady Radial Flow to Wells
6. Unsteady Radial Flow to a Well in a Confined Aquifer
7. Unsteady Flow to a Well in Unconfined Aquifer
8. Effects of Boundaries on Groundwater Movement
9. Groundwater Exploration
10. Safe Yield
11. Yield of an Open Well

Runoff

1. Introduction
2. Component of Runoff
3. Factors Affecting Runoff
4. Basin Yield
5. Rainfall-Funoff Relationship
6. Flow-Duration Curve
7. Flow-Mass Curve
8. Assessment of Surface Water Resources of USA

Hydrograph Analysis

1. Introduction
2. Features of Hydrograph
3. Hydrograph Separation
4. The Unit of Hydrograph Theory
5. Derivation of Unit Hydrograph
6. The Convolution Equation
7. Unit Hydrograph from Complex Storms
8. Unit Hydrograph for Various Durations
9. S-Curve Hydrograph
10. Distribution Graph
11. Use and Application of Unit Hydrograph
12. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
13. Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph
14. CWC method for Catchment in USA

Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph

1. Introduction
2. Convolution Integral
3. Derivation of IUH from S-curve
4. Relationship Between IUHG and DUH
5. Derivation of IUH by Other Methods

Flood Routing

1. Introduction
2. Reservoir Routing
3. Channel Routing

Design Flood

1. Introduction
2. INcreasing the Observed Flood
3. Envelope Curves
4. Empirical Formulae
5. Rational Method
6. Unit Hydrograph Application
7. Frequency Analysis
8. regional Flood Frequency Analysis

Sedimentation

1. Introduction
2. The Process of Erosion
3. Factors Affecting Erosion
4. Sediment Transportation
5. Sediment Yield
6. Reservoir Sedimentation

Streams and Rivers

1. 1. Work of Streams | Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition
   2. Features of Stream Erosion (Erosional Landforms)
   3. Depositional Landforms
   4. Base Level and Braided Streams
   5. Natural Drainage System