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A natural drainage system refers to the network of flowing water. We can find flowing water in the form of rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands, and groundwater.  This network of natural features manages the flow of water across the landscape. These systems are essential for transporting water from higher elevations to lower elevations, regulating the water cycle, replenishing groundwater supplies, supporting ecosystems, and preventing flooding. Here’s a breakdown of the components […]

Longitudinal Profile The plot of the relative elevation of a stream bed from headwaters to mouth is called its “longitudinal profile”. In other words, the longitudinal profiles are plots of the elevation vs distance from the stream mouth to the upper reaches within the watershed basin. The longitudinal profile of a stream is generally concave upward, which is in accordance with the steady downstream decrease in slope. They help to […]

There are two types of landforms; (i) erosional landforms, and (ii) depositional landforms. Landforms resulting from erosional activities of different erosional agents, like water, glaciers, and wind are known as “erosional landforms”, while the landforms coming into existence as a result of deposition of material are known as “depositional landforms”. See “erosional landformds”. Depositional Landforms The evident landforms resulted from the deposition of sediments or rocks after they had been […]

Stream Erosion/Water Erosion refers to the process by which flowing water (rivers or streams) wears away the Earth’s surface, thus transporting away the sediments and shaping the landscape. Some prominent features of stream erosion are varied and can be observed in different forms. Here are some key features associated with stream erosion: Features of Stream Erosion (water Erosion) V-Shaped Valleys Erosion by flowing water often results in the formation of […]

The term stream includes the channelized flow of any size, from the smallest brook to a very large river like the Amazon. Although the terms “river” and “steam” are used synonymously, the term “river” is preferably used to denote a mainstream into which several tributaries flow. Read: Features of Stream Erosion The geological work of the stream is to “erode” the valleys, “transport” the material that is eroded, and “deposit” […]

Sand Dunes The strong action of wind generally deposits sand in the form of mounds. These sand mounds are known as “Sand Dunes”. The sand traveling as a bed load in the wind accumulates wherever it meets any obstruction, such as a boulder or a bush. As the accumulation of sand grows, it traps even more sand. In this manner, dunes are created. Sand dunes have a gentle slope (5° […]

The air current in motion is called “wind”. The wind is an important agent of erosion, transport and deposition. Its work is particularly seen in arid regions. Wind Erosion Although wind erosion is not restricted to arid and semiarid regions, it does its most effective work in these areas. Wind does erosion in three ways: (i) deflation, (ii) abrasion, (iii) attrition. (1). Deflation: Lifting and removal of loose material by […]

Introduction to Erosion Erosion is a natural geological process that involves the removal and transportation of disintegrated soil and rock particles, or sediment from one location to another by the action of various erosional agents. These agents include water, wind, ice (glaciers), or gravity. It plays a significant role in shaping and featuring the Earth’s surface over long periods of time. Erosion can occur in different environments and landscapes, including […]

Depending upon their mode of formation, the soil deposits have been broadly grouped into two classes: (i) residual soil deposits, and (ii) transported soil deposits. What are different types of Soils? Residual Soil Deposits In plain areas, the products of rock weathering continue to accumulate in places over the parent rock masses and give rise to a “residual soil deposit”. As the action of weathering decreases with depth, such soil […]

The process of Soil formation, which is also known as pedogenesis, is a complex natural phenomenon. It is influenced by various factors such as climate, parent material, topography, organisms, and time. But here we will discuss pedogenesis in different climatic regions. In each region, climate plays a significant role in shaping soil characteristics, resulting in distinct soil types. Here’s a brief overview of how soil formation varies in different climatic […]