Introduction to Disaster Management

1. What is the origin of word Disaster?
   1. Latin
   2. Greek
   3. German
   4. French
2. A disaster is a result of which of the combinations ?
   1. Hazard and Capacity
   2. Vulnerability and Capacity
   3. Hazard, Vulnerability and Insufficient Capacity
   4. Hazard, and Vulnerability Alone
3. When was the Pakistan Disaster Management Authority established?
   1. August 17, 2007
   2. August 17, 2000
   3. September 1, 2003
   4. August 2, 2010
4. Why are the landslides called Socio-natural Hazards?
   1. They are caused solely by natural forces.
   2. They are caused solely by human activities.
   3. They are not considered hazards.
   4. They are caused by a combination of natural and human factors.
5. First Head of NDMA Pakistan:
   1. Naseer Ahmed Nasar
   2. Lieutenant General (Retd.) Farooq Ahmed Khan
   3. Lieutenant General (Retd.) Inam Haider Malik
6. When did a devastating earthquake hit Kashmir (Pakistan) in 2005?
   1. October 8, 2005
   2. October 5, 2008
   3. October 10, 2005
   4. September 2, 2005
7. What was the intensity of the 2005 earthquake that hit Pakistani Kashmir?
   1. 5.6 magnitude
   2. 7.6 magnitude
   3. 7.10 magnitude
   4. 6.7 magnitude
8. What does physical vulnerability refers to in context to disaster?
   1. The emotional resilience of a community
   2. The economic status of individuals
   3. The structural susceptibility of buildings and infrastructure
   4. The social cohesion within a community
9. When was PDMA Balochistan established?
   1. 2007
   2. 2008
   3. 2008
   4. 2010
10. Who was the first Director General of PDMA (Balochistan)?
    1. Naseer Ahmed Nasar
    2. Mushtaq Raisani
    3. Jahangir Khan Ghorezai
11. In which phase of disaster, the assesment is done?
    1. Warning Phase
    2. Impact Phase
    3. Rescue Phase
    4. Rehabilitation Phase
12. In relation to disaster preparedness, which one of the following is more serious from a response point of view?
    1. First Alert
    2. Second Alert
13. A physical situation, which may cause damage to property, human injury, or harm to the environment, is called:
    1. Hazard 
    2. Disaster
    3. Risk
14. The likelihood of an undesired event occurring within a particular period or under a specified circumstances is known as:
    1. Disaster
    2. Risk
    3. Hazard
15. Which of the following is the main contributory cause for pipeline disasters in the world?
    1. Third Party Activity
    2. Corrosion
    3. Mechanical Faliure
    4. Operational Failure
16. Root Cause Analysis of the disaster can be done through which of the following methods?
    1. Why-Why
    2. HAZOP (Hazard and Operability)
    3. Consequence Analysis
    4. Checklist
17. Is Blow-Out a natural disaster?
    1. Yes
    2. No
18. The principle which takes into account the precaution to be taken, being on the safer side and avoidance of taking undue risks from hazards, the damage potential of which is not fully known, is known as:
    1. Guiding principle
    2. Risk Assessment Principle
    3. Hazard Analysis Principle
    4. Precautionary Principle
19. The agreement and understanding that has been reached among various nearby industries to help each other during a disaster is known as;
    1. Memorandum of Agreement
    2. Agreement of Mock Exercise
    3. Industrial Charter
    4. Mutual Aid Agreement
20. How many Safety Integrity Levels exist?
    1. 1
    2. 2
    3. 3
    4. 4
21. Which of the following SIL levels represents the catastrophic impact of a disaster?
    1. SIL-1
    2. SIL-2
    3. SIL-3
    4. SIL-4
22. What could be the primary and secondary protections for the protection of a vessel against an over-pressure situation?
    1. PSH and PSV
    2. PSL and ESS
    3. LSL and ESD
    4. FSL and FSV
23. In an oil drilling rig, an area within 4.5 m of the shale shaker in an open air is considered as:
    1. Zone 1
    2. Zone 2
    3. Zone 0
24. The area within 3 meters from the discharge nozzle of the relief valve is considered as:
    1. Zone 0
    2. Zone 2
    3. Zone 1
25. Which of the following will be found on a Material Safety of Data Sheet?
    1. Spill and Leak Procedure
    2. Health Hazards Information
    3. Special Protection Information
    4. All of the above
26. Section 2 of MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) will have information about:
    1. Hazardous Ingredients
    2. Fire Explosion Data
    3. Reactivity Data
    4. Manufacturer’s Data
27. In case of an emergency involving a chemical or product, an emergency telephone number can be found in which section of MSDS?
    1. Section-1
    2. Section-2
    3. Section-5
    4. Section-8
28. The yellow portion of an NFPA (US based) diamond represents:
    1. Health Hazard
    2. Flamability Hazard
    3. Special Hazard Information
    4. Reactivity Hazard
29. The ill-health effect caused by one-time, sudden, high exposure is often called:
    1. Chronic Effect
    2. Acute Effect
    3. Systematic Effect
30. Monitoring the levels of exposures to toxic substances is medically done through analysis of body fluids, e.g blood, urine, expired air, etc. The process is known as;
    1. Condition Monitoring
    2. Biological Conditioning
    3. Exposure Monitoring
    4. Biological Monitoring
31. The ratio of amount of toxic chemical to IDLH (Immediately Dangeour to Life or Health) value of chemical is called:
    1. Pollution Load
    2. Fire Load
    3. Toxic Load
    4. Toxicological Load
32. Which of the following steps of Toxic Risk Assessment exercise considers the possible routes of entry of a chemical into the body and its reaction thereby?
    1. First Step
    2. Second Step
    3. Third Step
    4. Fourth Step
33. About 2ppm of chlorine concentration in air causes:
    1. Irritation of eyes and nose
    2. Irritation of throat
    3. Causes coughing and sneezing
    4. Immediate Death
34. If cash is a hazard, then theft is the consequence; what will be the consequence if electricity is a hazard?
    1. Damage
    2. Hearing Loss
    3. Loss of Water
    4. Shock

35. How does socio-economic vulnerability exacerbate the impact of disasters?

    1. It prevents the occurrence of hazards.
    2. It reduces a community’s ability to cope and recover.
    3. It has no impact on disaster consequences.
    4. It makes communities more resilient to disasters.
36. What does capacity building in disaster management involve?
    1. Enhancing resources and skills to prepare for and respond to disasters
    2. Ignoring the potential risks of hazards
    3. Solely relying on external aid after disasters
    4. Reducing the frequency of natural disasters
37. Which of the following activities is NOT part of the pre-disaster stage of disaster management?
    1. Conducting awareness campaigns
    2. Strengthening existing infrastructure
    3. Providing immediate medical assistance to victims
    4. Developing disaster management plans
38. What is the primary focus of the disaster occurrence stage in disaster management?
    1. Preventing the hazard from occurring
    2. Assessing the long-term economic impact
    3. Rebuilding infrastructure
    4. Ensuring the needs and safety of victims are met
39. What type of activity is rebuilding infrastructure after a disaster considered to be?
    1. Post-disaster activity
    2. Pre-disaster activity
    3. Disaster occurrence activity
    4. None of the above
40. Which of the following is a definition of disaster risk?
    1. The probability of a hazard occurring
    2. The expected losses due to a hazard event
    3. The ability of a community to resist a hazard
    4. The measures taken to prevent a hazard
41. What does mitigation in disaster risk reduction involve?
    1. Responding to disasters after they occur
    2. Providing aid to disaster victims
    3. Predicting the occurrence of hazards
    4. Reducing the impact of hazards through preventive measures
42. Which of these is an example of a preparedness activity in disaster management?
    1. Formulating emergency plans
    2. Providing medical aid after an earthquake
    3. Rebuilding roads after a flood
    4. Analyzing the economic impact of a cyclone
43. What is the primary purpose of disaster management?
    1. To accurately predict the occurrence of disasters
    2. To stop natural hazards from happening
    3. To minimise the adverse effects of disasters
    4. To solely focus on post-disaster relief efforts
44. Why is it important to understand the disaster management cycle?
    1. It is irrelevant to disaster management.
    2. It only focuses on post-disaster recovery.
    3. It solely emphasizes hazard prediction.
    4. It provides a framework for effective disaster risk reduction.
45. Which of the following is a man-made hazard?
    1. Flood
    2. Earthquake
    3. Chemical spill
    4. Volcanic eruption
46. What is the difference between a hazard and a disaster?
    1. A hazard is a potential threat, while a disaster is the actual event causing harm.
    2. A hazard is a type of disaster.
    3. Hazards are predictable, while disasters are not.
    4. There is no difference between the two.
47. How can communities enhance their capacity in disaster management?
    1. By relying solely on external aid
    2. By neglecting disaster preparedness
    3. By ignoring potential hazards
    4. By strengthening infrastructure and preparedness measures
48. Why is public awareness crucial in disaster risk reduction?
    1. It creates panic among the population.
    2. It empowers people to take preventive actions.
    3. It has no role in disaster risk reduction.
    4. It solely relies on government efforts.
49. What role does early warning systems play in disaster management?
    1. They prevent disasters from happening.
    2. They eliminate the need for evacuation.
    3. They provide timely alerts to minimise casualties.
    4. They are only useful for earthquakes.
50. Which of the following is an example of a mitigation measure for floods?
    1. Constructing dams and levees
    2. Providing medical assistance after a flood
    3. Rescuing people stranded in floodwaters
    4. Assessing the economic damage caused by a flood
51. Why is community participation essential in disaster risk reduction?
    1. Communities have no role in disaster risk reduction.
    2. It slows down the recovery process.
    3. Local communities are the first responders and know their vulnerabilities best.
    4. It solely relies on external organisations.
52. What is the significance of post-disaster recovery in disaster management?
    1. It is irrelevant to disaster management.
    2. It solely focuses on providing immediate aid.
    3. It ignores long-term community needs.
    4. It helps communities rebuild and become more resilient.
53. Which of the following is a long-term impact of disasters?
    1. Economic decline
    2. Immediate casualties
    3. Temporary displacement
    4. Short-term disruption of services
54. How can technology aid in disaster management?
    1. It can prevent natural disasters.
    2. It has no role in disaster management.
    3. It can improve early warning systems and communication.
    4. It can completely eliminate the impact of disasters

Earthquake

1. What is definition of an Earthquake?
   1. Sudden shaking of the earth’s crust
   2. Volcanic Eruption
   3. Plate Tectonic Movement
   4. Oceanic Tide
2. According to the text, what is the approximate range of thickness of the Earth’s crust?
   1. 100 to 1000 kilometers
   2. 1 to 10 kilometers
   3. 10 to 65 kilometers
   4. 1000 to 10000 kilometers
3. What causes the stress in the Earth’s crust that leads to earthquakes?
   1. Thermal expansion of the Earth’s core
   2. Gravitational pull of the moon
   3. Rotation of the Earth
   4. Contact and movement of tectonic plates
4. What type of plate boundary is associated with the creation of new crust?
   1. Convergent
   2. Divergent
   3. Transformational
   4. None of the above
5. What is the term for the areas of stress at plate boundaries that release energy and cause earthquakes?
   1. Faults
   2. Foci
   3. Epicenters
   4. Tectonic Shifts
6. What is the focus of an earthquake?
   1. The point on the surface where the earthquake is first felt
   2. The point where the seismic waves reach the surface
   3. The center of the Earth where the earthquake originates
7. Based on focal depth, which type of earthquake is generally the most destructive?
   1. Deep
   2. Medium
   3. Shallow
   4. All types are equally destructive
8. What does the Richter scale measure?
   1. Earthquake intensity
   2. Earthquake magnitude
   3. Seismic wave speed
   4. Depth of the earthquake focus
9. An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter scale releases how much more energy than one with a magnitude of 6.5?
   1. 2 Times
   2. 10 Times
   3. 30 Times
   4. 5 Times
10. What is the name of the scale that measures the effects of an earthquake based on observed damage?
    1. Richter Scale
    2. Seismic Graph
    3. Movement Magnitude Scale
    4. Modified Mercalli Scale
11. According to the text, what percentage of earthquake-related deaths are caused by building collapse?
    1. 55%
    2. 75%
    3. 85%
    4. 95%
12. What does the acronym ‘DROP, COVER, and HOLD’ represent in earthquake preparedness?
    1. An effective way to protect yourself during an earthquake
    2. A scientific method for predicting earthquakes
    3. A type of earthquake-resistant building design
    4. A rescue technique used after building collapses
13. Which organisation in Pakistan publishes building codes and guidelines for earthquake-resistant construction?
    1. National Disaster Management Authority
    2. Geological Survey of Pakistan
    3. Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC)
    4. Provincial Disaster Management Authorities
14. What is the process called when existing buildings are modified to make them more earthquake-resistant?
    1. Retrofitting
    2. Renovation
    3. Reinforcement
    4. Reconstruction
15. Why should buildings on soft soil be avoided in earthquake-prone areas?
    1. Soft soil amplifies the magnitude of earthquakes.
    2. Soft soil is more prone to liquefaction and instability during earthquakes.
    3. Soft soil attracts lightning strikes during earthquakes.
    4. Soft soil disrupts the grounding of electrical systems, increasing fire hazards.
16. What does the Japanese term ‘Tsunami’ literally mean?
    1. Earthquake wave
    2. Giant wave
    3. Destructive wave
    4. Harbor wave
17. Which of the following is NOT a common cause of tsunamis?
    1. Earthquakes
    2. Landslides
    3. Volcanic eruptions
    4. Hurricanes
18. Where is the operational centre for the Pacific Tsunami Warning System (PTWS) located?
    1. Tokyo, Japan
    2. Jakarta, Indonesia
    3. Honolulu, Hawaii
    4. San Francisco, California
19. What type of data did the Survey of India use to detect the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?
    1. Radar data
    2. Satellite imagery
    3. Seismograph readings
    4. Tide gauge measurements
20. Which of the following is a primary effect of a tsunami?
    1. Disease outbreak
    2. Flooding and inundation
    3. Loss of communication networks
    4. Economic recession
21. What is the main cause of death during a tsunami?
    1. Drowning
    2. Electrocution
    3. Building collapse
    4. Starvation
22. Which of these is NOT a typical adverse effect of a tsunami?
    1. Damage to ports and airports
    2. Sewage contamination of water sources
    3. Destruction of beaches and coastal ecosystems
    4. Increase in volcanic activity
23. What is the purpose of tsunami walls?
    1. To prevent earthquakes that cause tsunamis
    2. To divert tsunamis towards less populated areas
    3. To reduce the impact of tsunami waves on coastal communities
    4. To create artificial reefs and promote marine life
24. What is the first land use planning strategy recommended for reducing tsunami risk?
    1. Designating tsunami hazard zones for open spaces and low-density development
    2. Constructing all buildings in tsunami-prone areas with reinforced concrete
    3. Relocating coastal communities to higher ground
    4. Creating early warning systems for tsunamis
25. What height are most tsunami waves less than?
    1. 1 meter
    2. 3 meters
    3. 5 meters
    4. 10 meters
26. What type of structure is built to reduce the velocity of tsunami waves?
    1. Water breakers
    2. Sea Wall
    3. Leeves
    4. Dikes
27. Why is community preparedness vital for mitigating earthquake impact?
    1. It helps predict earthquakes accurately.
    2. It eliminates the need for government aid.
    3. It prevents earthquakes from occurring.
    4. It empowers individuals to take immediate safety measures.
28. Why are deep-focus earthquakes rarely destructive?
    1. They release less energy than shallow earthquakes.
    2. They occur less frequently than shallow earthquakes.
    3. The seismic waves lose much of their energy before reaching the surface.
    4. They are always smaller in magnitude than shallow earthquakes.
29. How can public education help reduce the impact of earthquakes?
    1. By raising awareness about earthquake preparedness measures and safe construction practices.
    2. By preventing the movement of tectonic plates.
    3. By developing technology to accurately predict earthquakes.
    4. By changing building codes to allow for weaker construction materials.
30. Why is it important to consider the soil type before constructing buildings in earthquake-prone areas?
    1. Different soil types have varying aesthetic appeal.
    2. Certain soil types are easier to excavate during construction.
    3. Some soil types attract pests that can damage buildings.
    4. The soil type influences the ground’s stability and response to seismic waves.

Cyclone

1. What is the primary characteristic of a cyclone?
   1. High temperature
   2. Low atmospheric pressure
   3. Heavy rainfall
   4. Thunderstorms
2. How are cyclones named in the Northwest Pacific Ocean?
   1. Typhoons
   2. Hurricanes
   3. Tropical Cyclones
   4. Willie-Willie
3. Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of cyclones in India/Pakistan?
   1. Strong winds
   2. Exceptional rain
   3. Storm surge
   4. Earthquakes
4. What minimum sea temperature is required for cyclone formation?
   1. 20 degrees Centigrade
   2. 23 degrees Centigrade
   3. 26 degrees Centigrade
   4. 30 degrees Centigrade
5. What is the role of high relative humidity in cyclone development?
   1. Facilitates condensation of water vapor
   2. Reduces air pressure
   3. Increases wind speed
   4. Decreases sea temperature
6. What is the ‘eye’ of a cyclone?
   1. The outer rain bands of the cyclone
   2. The point where the cyclone makes landfall
   3. A relatively calm zone at the center of the cyclone
   4. The area of strongest winds in the cyclone
7. What causes a cyclone to weaken?
   1. Decrease in wind speed
   2. Formation of new cloud bands
   3. Increase in atmospheric pressure
   4. Cut off from the source of warm moist air
8. What percentage of India’s land area is prone to cyclones?
   1. 2%
   2. 5%
   3. 8%
   4. 12%
9. Which Indian state is LEAST likely to be hit by a cyclone?
   1. Odisha
   2. Andhra Pradesh
   3. Tamil Nadu
   4. Punjab
10. What makes predicting the accurate landfall of a cyclone challenging?
    1. Lack of advanced technology
    2. The erratic path of cyclones
    3. Cyclones dissipate too quickly
    4. Cyclones form too far from the coast
11. Which agency is responsible for cyclone warnings in Pakistan?
    1. Pakistan Coast Guard
    2. Environmental Protection Authority
    3. Pakistan Meteorological Department
    4. Pakistan Disaster Management
12. How can storm surge be particularly dangerous in coastal areas?
    1. Causes extensive inland flooding
    2. Triggers volcanic eruptions
    3. Leads to widespread droughts
    4. Leads to widespread droughts
13. Why are plantation crops like banana and coconut highly vulnerable to cyclones?
    1. They require excessive rainfall
    2. They are not strong enough to withstand high winds
    3. They attract pests during cyclones
    4. They are prone to diseases after cyclones
14. How does a green belt plantation along the coast help mitigate cyclone impact?
    1. Reduces the impact of wind and floods
    2. Diverts the cyclone path
    3. Increases rainfall and reduces drought
    4. Attracts birds that can warn of cyclones
15. What information does a hazard map for cyclones provide?
    1. The exact time of cyclone landfall
    2. The amount of rainfall expected
    3. The number of cyclones in a year
    4. Areas vulnerable to cyclone impact
16. Why is it advisable to construct houses on stilts in cyclone-prone areas?
    1. To provide better ventilation
    2. To prevent termite infestations
    3. To protect from flooding
    4. To make them earthquake resistant
17. How can buildings be strengthened to resist wind damage during cyclones?
    1. Anchoring structural elements properly
    2. Using light-weight materials
    3. Having large roof overhangs
    4. Building near tall trees
18. What is the purpose of planting trees in rows in cyclone-prone regions?
    1. To attract more rainfall
    2. To act as a windbreak
    3. To provide shade during the cyclone
    4. To prevent soil erosion
19. How do trees and plants help in flood management?
    1. They absorb excess rainfall
    2. They divert water towards rivers’
    3. They slow down runoff and prevent soil erosion
    4. They strengthen river embankments
20. Why is the Orissa calamity often cited as a case for shelterbelt plantation?
    1. Orissa has a history of successful plantations
    2. Orissa is a major timber-producing state
    3. Orissa faces frequent droughts
    4. The cyclone’s impact highlighted the need for coastal protection